Lab+9+Comp.+Vert.+Anat.

=__1. Dissection of Wing__= The above picture shows the rest of the skin on the chicken wing being removed. The humerus, radius, and ulna are the bones that are present at the time.

The above picture shows the chicken wing completely skinned. The major bones on the wing and more specifically, the dorsal hand, are labeled as followed.

The above picture shows the muscle action on the chicken wing. When the tricep is pulled the bicep releases, the same way as in humans. These muscles work in pairs, like all of the joints in a chicken or human. =__2. Comparative Anatomy of Arm vs. Wing__= The humerus and carpal bones in birds are much lighter than those in a human. The bones in birds are hollow, which allow them to fly easier. There are 14 bones in each phalange in a human. There is one phalange in each hand and one in each foot. There are 5 metacarpals in each hand, totaling 10 metacarpals in each human. [] =__3. Comparative Anatomy of Bone Structure__= 1. The structure of the bird bone has air pockets which make the bone lighter. Also they appear to be hollow. The human bone on the other hand appears to be more solid and in tact. They appear to be stronger and more durable than that of the bird. 2. Bird bones are hollow because it makes them lighter. A lighter bird makes it easier to fly because it requires less energy. This is why over time the adaptation of hollow bird bones has developed. [] 3. **A) Bones**- Bone fossils are extremely important when looking at the growth of life since the beginning of time. Bones are made up from a number of different things such as blood vessels, nerves proteins, minerals, and cells. They can be both soft or hard and change throughout the gorwth of one's life. Natural resources and weather both can impact the growth of bones. Bone periodicity and bone fiber also play important roles determining the growth over time. []
 * B) Growth rates**- The studying of growth rate is calculated by determining the change of mass as the organism gets older. The common growth pattern is an S-shaped curve. The curve starts out with a slow growth period then followed by a fast stage. After these a stationary stage is established. The exponential stage is used to compare growth rates of different animals because it shows the most results during this time.
 * C) Longevities**- Fossilized bones provide crucial records of the history of growth throughout the life of individuals. The calculation of longevity is determined through examining the rates of information obtained from fiber composition and bone vascular.
 * D) Growth strategies**- Growth strategies determine whether bone histology happens slowly or quickly. The s-shaped curve is a common strategy for measuring the growth of one's life over time. It allows historians to record information from that happened from the beginning to end.