Lab+6+Forensic+DNA

=__Exercise 1: Scientific Notation__= What are the following in scientific notation? 1. 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 6 x 10^24 2. 34,599,800,000 = 3.45998 x 10^10 3. 12.56 = 1.256 x 10^1 4. 0.3456789 = 3.456789 x 10^-1 5. 0.0000000332 = 3.32 x 10^-8 6. 0.000000000000000000000000000000123456789 = 1.23456789 x 10^-31 7. 6 trillion = 6 x 10^9

What are the following in standard notation? 1. 3 x 10^5 = 300,000 2. 2.44 x 10^-7 = 0.000000244 3. 6.02 x 10^23 = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 4. 6.62 x 10^-34 = 0.000000000000000000000000000000000662 5. 1.5 x 10^11 = 150,000,000,000 6. 1.44 x 10^-1 = 0.144

=__Exercise 2: DNA Probability vs Frequence__= (11.1%) || (11.1%) || (11.1%) ||
 * Table ABO**
 * || **A** || **B** || **i** ||
 * **A** || AA(11.1%) || AB(11.1%) || Ai
 * **B** || AB(11.1%) || BB(11.1%) || Bi
 * **i** || Ai(11.1%) || Bi(11.1%) || ii
 * Theoretical probability =** 1/9 = .111 = 11.1%


 * Genotype probability**
 * AA =** 1/9
 * AB =** 1/9
 * Ai =** 1/9
 * BB =** 1/9
 * Bi =** 1/9
 * ii =** 1/9
 * Phenotype probability**
 * A =** 1/9
 * AB =** 2/9
 * B =** 1/9
 * O =** 1/9


 * Actual Phenotype Frequency (from website)**
 * A =** 26% to 40%
 * AB =** 3% to 7%
 * B =** 8% to 25%
 * O =** 40% to 56%

__**Graph of Probability vs Actual Frequency**__ __**Summary of ABO Distribution**__ There are 29 different blood systems that are known that are all shared throughout the world. A century ago no one knew their own blood type and even today most people do no know. This leads one to think that the differences in frequencies result from other things instead of social discrimination. Each individual receives it's blood type from his or her parents. Blood type B is the rarest of all the types, with only 16% of humanity having it. Of this 16%, the majority comes from Central Asia and lowest from Australia and Americas. This is because type B blood is mostly found in desert zones or prairies. Blood type A is a little more popular, making up 21% of the world. Of this percent, the majority comes from Montana, Australian Aborigines, or Northern Scandinavia. It was not as much in South and Central America. This might be because the majority of blood type A is found in heavily forested and mountain zones. Blood O type is the most common over the world with 63%. The highest percentage is found in Central and South America, where it is close to 100%. This might be because the majority of blood O types are found where populations are very mixed. =__Exercise 3: Forensic DNA Fingerprinting__=
 * Germany frequency (pooled)**
 * **LDLR ** |||| **GYPA ** |||||| **HBGG ** |||| **D7S8 ** |||||| **GC ** ||
 * **0.42 ** || **0.58 ** || **0.55 ** || **0.45 ** || **0.52 ** || **0.47 ** || **0.009 ** || **0.61 ** || **0.39 ** || **0.29 ** || **0.14 ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">0.57 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">B ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">B ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">B ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">C ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">B ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">B ** || **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">C ** ||


 * Pop 1: .**42^2 x 2(.55 x .45) x 2(.52 x .47) x .39^2 x .57^2 = 2.1091813 x 10^-3


 * Pop 2:** .42^2 x .45^2 x 2(.52 x .47) x .39^2 x 2(.29 x .57) = 8.779845404 x 10^-4


 * Pop 1:** .42^2 x 2(.55 x .45) x 2(.52 x .47) x .39^2 x .57^2 = 2.1091813 x 10^-3


 * Probability:** .42^2 x .45^2 x 2(.52 x .47) x 2(.61 x .39) x 2(.14 x .57) = 1.3259042 x 10^-3


 * Probability:** 2(.42 x .58) x .49^2 x 3(.52 x .47 x .009) x 2(.61 x .39) x 3(.29 x .14 x .57) = 2.549828594 x 10^-5

__**Probability**__ 2(.42 x .58) x .45^2 x 2(.52 x .009) x .61^2 x 2(.29 x .14) = 2.790126251 x 10^-5