Lab+2+Rocks

__**Exercise 1: Identification of Rocks**__ WRITE an introduction discussing the difference in origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock. 1. Igneous rock is formed when magma or lava cools and turns to a solid. Rocks formed of lava are called extrusive, rock from shallow magma is intrusive, and rocks created from deep magma are called plutonic. Sedimentary rock is formed in layers at the Earth’s surface and within bodies of water. Rock particles combine together from water, ice, and wind on the bottom of rivers, dry land, and marine environments. Sedimentary fossils are never found in crystalline igneous rocks and rarely in metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rock is formed from the transformation of an existing rock, the protolith. Protolith may be sedimentary or igneous rock. Metamorphic rocks make up most of the Earth’s crust and are classified by texture, minerals, and chemicals. They can be formed simply from being below the Earth’s surface, high temperatures, and heavy pressure from rock layers above.
 * 1 || fluorite ||
 * 2 || feldspar:microline ||
 * 3 || hematite ||
 * 4 || pyrite ||
 * 5 || quartz:milky ||
 * 6 || calcite ||
 * 7 || mica:muscovite ||
 * 8 || magnetite ||
 * 9 || gypsum:alabaster ||
 * 10 || talc ||
 * 11 || pyrolusite ||
 * 12 || mica:biotite ||
 * 13 || graphite ||
 * 14 || gypsum:satin spar ||
 * 15 || gypsum:selenite ||

__**"Show and Tell" **__ 1. **[]** **Quartz**- Quartz is a mineral that is the second most abundant in the Earth’s crust. It is made up of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra which makes it extremely durable and very difficult to weathering down. Many sedimentary rocks, especially ones formed on land, have a large amount of quartz. The “end product use” for many quartz is jewelry and hardstone carvings. The gemstones provide strength and resiliance that will help last a long time period. **2.** **[]** **Magnetite**- Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minearls on Earth. Magnetite can be found in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It is one of the most common oxide minerals and is mostly used as an ore of iron. The “end product of use” is then used in the production of steel. **3.** **[]** **Fluorite**- Fluorite is a halide mineral made up of calcium fluoride. It has a cubic habit and it can be colorless or colorful. It has a very low dispersion, which allows it to be very transparent. The “end product use” of fluorite is being made into lenses for cameras and telescopes. The elements of fluorite allow it to create a vivd image that ordinary glass is not capable of. __**Exercise 2: Soil Composition**__ 1. The basic idea behind separation is that sand drops to the bottom fast. Silt takes a little longer (30 min) to drop to the bottom. Clay takes 24 hours or more to come out of solution. Put three 50 ml tubes in a rack or cup. Put 15 ml of soil into the first tube to the 15 ml line. **Tap** the soil down to make sure it has no air pockets.  2. Use a pipette and add 1 ml of a little soapy water to the soil sample (it is a dispersent) and fill the tube to the 45 ml line with tap water. Cap and gently shake for 2 minutes making sure that the soil sample is well mixed in. REMOVE ORGANIC MATERIAL FROM THE TOP, be sure to dump into TRASH, not in the SINK. Then **add** water to fill to the 45 ml line if there is less than 45 ml.  3. Let the tube sit for **30 seconds**, open the cap and carefully pour the solution into the second tube. Be sure not to dump the solid contents into the second tube. Let this sit for **30 minutes**. a. read how much sand is left in the tube: 6ml b. read how much liquid was poured over and subtract from 45 ml: 5ml <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> 4<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">. Calculate how much of sand, silt and clay there is one of these two ways a. method <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">15 ml (initial volume of soil) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">subtract ml of solids in tube 1 (sand) __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">subtract ml of solids in tube 2 (silt) __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">solids left over is the clay <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">(the stuff floating on the top are organic litter ) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">15ml-6ml-2ml= 7ml <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">to calculate the volume __amount you found__ X 100 = the percent for each 15 ml <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">100x7ml=700% for each 15ml

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">**__Results Section__** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">The kind of soil that was determined that was tested in the lab was sandy clay loan/ clay loan. 46.7 % clay, 40% sand, and 13.3% silt make up this finding.
 * **Substance** || **Amount of Substance left in tube (ml)** || **Percentage of Substance** ||
 * clay || 7ml || 46.7 % ||
 * sand || 6ml || 40% ||
 * silt || 2ml || 13.3% ||

__**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Exercise 3: Fossils **__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">A fossil mold is one in which an organism leaves it's shape in a rock. The shape is the only thing left inside the hole of the rock. However, if this rock is filled with precipitating minerals rather than a hole, it is called a fossil cast. The following picture of a fossil from the set in the lab is a fossil mold. It is a mold because you can clearly see that there is a hollow hole where the organism was. There is also no visible minerals filling the hole. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">**__Fossils: Google Amber__** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">[] **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is amber? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Amber is the fossilized resin from ancient forests. It is produced from plant resin, not tree sap. The resin has a distinct smell to it. It becomes fossilized through a natural process with the original organic compounds involved. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What kinds of fossils are typically preserved in amber? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Amber is a thick and sticky substance. As it drips down the tree trunk, it can capture spiders, insects, and sometimes even lizards. They are able to be preserved in very good condition for millions of years. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How are amber fossils different than those in limestone? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Limestone fossils are a form of sedimentary rock. Amber fossils are formed from plant resin which forms into a thick and sticky substance with a distinct aroma. Amber is also different from limestone fossils in the fact that they are not trapped in sedimentary rock, but rather a form of an organic matter. Amber fossils have a better chance of containing soft tissue organisms than limestone would. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How old can these fossils be? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-General fossils can range from 3.5 billion years ago with the traces of microscopic blue-green algae to 10,000 year old remains of animals from the last ice age. Amber fossils date back as far as the Eocene age, which is anywhere from 40-50 million years ago. These oldest amber fossils were found in the Baltic Sea. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Does amber contain DNA? Explain. ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Amber does contain DNA. In order to preserve DNA the substance must be isolated from oxygen. The amber provides an air-tight seal which can protect the DNA for millions of years. Since amber is found seeping down trees, this allows insects to get trapped when they come fresh from a tree-wound. By coming from the tree directly to the amber there is very little or no oxygen in contact with the substance. The sugar and alcohol in the amber also help preserve the organism intact. This is how amber can contain DNA. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the difference between real and fake amber? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Real amber has a density of 1.05 to 1.10 while fake amber, such as copal, has a density of 1.03 to 1.08. Copal is often referred to as ‘young’ resin. It is a middle stage when the resin might appear to be amber but it has not fully changed into the actual thing. Real amber has a hardness to it greater than fake amber. If it can be scratched with at fingernail then it is fake amber. Real amber also has a pine smell when burned as compared to possibly a plastic smell if it is fake. These are a few of the differences between real and fake amber. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Write a brief summary of the tests for real vs. fake amber.** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-The gravity test is to take saltwater and place the amber into it. If it sinks, it is not amber. The hardness test states that if you can scratch the amber with your fingernail then it is not amber. The static electricity test says that if the amber has no attraction after rubbing it on a piece of tissue then it is not amber. The smell test says that if the amber is heated and emits a plastic or chemical smell it is not amber. The entomology/paleontology test says that if the animal is not extinct inside it there is a very high chance that it is not amber. It is very difficult to determine whether amber is real or not because many people do not want to risk damaging something that could lose thousands of dollars of value if burned or cracked. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Scenario: you are at one of Milwaukee's numerous festivals or at the state fair and you come upon a booth offering amber jewelry. Which 2 tests could you use to detect faux amber? ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-If at a state fair one would be limited as to what can be done to test whether or not the amber is real or not. For instance, if I was shopping at the state fair I would not have saltwater or a ultraviolet light to perform tests. Two tests that maybe be done could be the hardness test by scratching the amber or the static test if I have a tissue in my pocket. However, if both tests past the amber may be real, there is no guarantee. When in doubt you would have to use your common sense, real amber is valued at thousands of dollars so if it is too good to be true then it probably is.